Today (April 13, 1905) is the Birthday of Italian-American physicist Bruno Benedetto Rossi, who discovered that cosmic rays are mostly made up of positively charged particles.
Bruno Benedetto Rossi was born on April 13, 1905, in Venice, Italy to a
Jewish family. The father was an electrical engineer who participated in the
electrification of Venice. Rossi was home-trained until he was fourteen. He
then attended Ginnacio and Also in Venice. After starting his university
studies at the University of Padua, he undertook advanced work at the
University of Bologna. In 1928, Rosie began her career at the University of
Florence. He was an assistant to Antonio Karpasso, the founder of the
University Physics Institute in 1920. It is located in the archetype on a hill
overlooking the city. However, before he left for Rome he brought to the
company a wonderful team of physicists including Enrico Fermi and Franco
Rosetti, Gilberto Bernardini, Enrico Persico and Giulio Raga.
In 1929, Rosie's first graduate student, Giuseppe Ochialini, was awarded
a doctorate. In search of pioneering research, Rossi turned his attention to
cosmic rays. It was discovered by Victor Hess on human balloons in 1911 and
1912. In 1929, Rossi read a dissertation by Walter Botte and Werner Colchester.
The cosmic ray particles penetrating 4.1 centimetres (1.6 inches) of gold are
astonishing. This is because the most permeable charged particles known at the
time were electrons from radioactive decay, which could penetrate less than a
millimetre of gold. Participating in the study became the biggest ambition as
it came as a beacon of light revealing the existence of a world full of
mysteries that no one has yet begun to explore.
In 1954, Botte was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for
"coincidence and its associated discoveries". However, his
implementation of this method is very complicated. This is because of the
visual interaction of the photographs. Within weeks of reading his paper with
Colchester, Rosie discovered an advanced electronic contingency circuit that
used triode vacuum tubes. The Rossi contingency circuit has two main
advantages: it provides highly accurate transient resolution, and it can detect
coincidences between any pulse sources. These features help to identify
interesting cases of accidental lentil formation at multiple counters. These
rare occurrences stand out even in the presence of high rates of unrelated
background categories on individual counters. This circuit not only provided
the basis for electronics in atomic and particle physics but also implemented
the first electronics and the circuit. It is a fundamental element of the
ubiquitous digital logic of modern logic.
At that time, an improved tube version of the original Geiger counter,
invented by Hans Geiger in 1908, was developed by his student Walter Mueller.
These Geiger-Muller tubes (GM tubes) made it possible for Botte to investigate.
Rosie confirmed the results of Botte's invitation to come to Berlin in the
summer of 1930, with the help of Ochialini in the construction of the GM pipes,
and with the help of a practical contingency round. Here, with financial
assistance arranged by Carbazo, Rossi collaborated on further investigations into
cosmic radiation infiltration. He also studied Carl Stormer's mathematical
explanation of the paths of charged particles in the Earth's magnetic field.
Based on these studies, he realized that the intensity of cosmic rays coming
from the east may be different from the west.
From Berlin, he submitted the first study suggesting that observations
of this east-west effect could not only confirm that cosmic rays are charged
particles, but also determine the identity of their charge. He studied cosmic
rays and discovered that they are mostly made up of positively charged
particles. He did his research in X-ray astronomy and plasma physics. Rosie
retired from MIT in 1970. He taught at the University of Palermo from 1974 to
1980. In retirement, he wrote several monographs and a 1990 autobiography,
Moments in the Life of a Scientist. It was published by the Cambridge
University Press.
For his contribution to the development of X-ray astronomy the Wolf
Prize in Physics (1987), the National Medal of Science (1985), the Rumford
Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for his discovery of the
nature and origin of cosmic radiation (1976), the Elliott Grayson Medal (1974),
the Italian Physical Society's Gold. Bruno Benedetto Rossi passed away on
November 21, 1993, at the age of 88, due to a heart attack at his home in
Cambridge, after discovering that cosmic rays are mostly made up of positively
charged particles.
Source By: Wikipedia
Information: Ramesh, Assistant Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial
College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.
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