Student Education Repository (மாணவர்கள் கல்விக் களஞ்சியம்): Today (February 21, 1926) is the Memorial Day of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, winner of the Nobel Prize for his study of the properties of materials at superconductivity and low temperature (0K).

Sunday, February 21, 2021

Today (February 21, 1926) is the Memorial Day of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, winner of the Nobel Prize for his study of the properties of materials at superconductivity and low temperature (0K).

Today (February 21, 1926) is the Memorial Day of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, winner of the Nobel Prize for studying the properties of materials at superconductivity and low temperature (0K).

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was born on September 21, 1853 in Groningen, Netherlands. His father was a Dutchman named 'Harm Commerling Onnes'. He is the owner of a brick kiln. His mother was 'Anna Gertina Choirs'. He and his brothers grew up realising the strength of hard work because his parents were strict in all respects. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes married Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elizabeth Bislaveld in 1887. He attended Hoogerberger High School in his hometown. The translation is not taught there. So to go to school time, at other times, the director of the school, JM Leighton, who later became a professor of chemistry, studied Greek and Latin along with Pemmelen.

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In 1870 he joined the University of Groningen. While studying here, he participated in an essay competition organised by the University of Utrecht and won the first prize for writing about spirit density. After graduating there, he joined the University of Heidelberg in Germany in 1871. His teachers there were scientists Bunsen and Kirkup. Kamerling also worked as his assistant in the personal laboratory of the German physicist Robert Kirkup. After returning to his hometown, he received his master's degree from the university in 1878 and his doctorate in 1879. The title he took for his doctoral dissertation was 'New proofs for the earth's rotation.

In 1878 he joined the College of Technology at Left as an assistant to a scientist named Passa. At the same time, he had the opportunity to lecture in 1881-1882. Here he prepared a dissertation entitled General Theory of the Fluids from the Perspective of Kinetic Theory. He realised that accurate measurement of their volume, pressure, and temperature were necessary to formulate the general theory of fluids. Only then did he begin to be interested in knowing and acting on low temperatures. In 1882, at the age of 29, he was appointed professor of experimental physics at the University of Leighton and director of the laboratory there. Here he resumed his studies of low temperatures. This is called hypothermia. For almost 42 years (1882-1923), he spent most of his life in the same Leyton laboratory.

Low thermodynamics was a new field at the time. Before this, liquefaction of gases at low temperatures was not practised. When Kamerlingh conducted this study, he wanted to know the full research evidence of the atomicity of matter. He studied the exposure of gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, and helium to shallow temperatures. At this point, the Swedish scientist RP Fiktet discovered a cooling effect when the liquid evaporated. In the same year, the French physicist LP Keitlet discovered that low temperatures were formed when oxygen was subjected to high pressure. Finally, J.P. Jules and William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) found that when a gas is injected at high pressure through a tiny opening, its temperature decreases according to the nature of the gas. In 1895, Carl Linde in Munich developed a gas liquefaction device based on the Joule-Thompson effect.

Kamerlingh invented a new method by combining the techniques of Pickett and Linde. According to this, he succeeded in liquefying oxygen, which liquefies other gases. He liquefied 14 litres of oxygen in an hour. In 1904 he established the largest laboratory for the formation of low temperatures. In 1908, Hampson-Linde designed the instrument to lower the temperature by 1 degree (-273) using the Joule-Thompson effect according to the rotation method. It is housed in the Poirhall Museum in Leighton. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for these studies. In 1911 he researched the resilience of pure metals such as mercury, silver and lead. Kamerlingh and his assistants found that the resistor rotates at a temperature of 4.2 Kelvin. Mercury reaches this new state, and its electrical conductivity improves. This is referred to as superconductivity.

The Low-Temperature Laboratory at the University of Leighton is named after Kamerlingh Onnes. He was awarded the Mathews Medal in 1910 and the Rambord Medal in 1912. He called a crater on the moon. He was inducted into the Royal Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam at the age of 30. He also founded an international association. He served as Commanding Officer of the Arima Team of the Netherlands, the Orange-Nassau Team of the Netherlands, the St. Aloff Team of Norway, and the Bolenia Restiuba Team of Poland. The University of Berlin conferred an honorary doctorate. The Bowmgarden Prize and the Franklin Medal were awarded.

Elected a member of the Friends of Science Association in Moscow. He was employed as an expatriate member in foreign cities such as Rome and London and an appraisal member of the Physics Society in Stockholm. Although a scientist, he focused more on his family life. He did all he could to help those in need. He helped to bridge the gap between scientists and politicians before and after World War I. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, the winner of the Nobel Prize for his study of the properties of matter at low temperature (0K), died in the Netherlands on February 21, 1926, at the age of 72. Postage stamps were issued in his honour.

Source By: Wikipedia

Information: Ramesh, Assistant Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.