Student Education Repository (மாணவர்கள் கல்விக் களஞ்சியம்): Today (December 24, 1818) is the birthday of James Prescott Joule, who explored the relationship between heat and mechanical work.

Thursday, December 24, 2020

Today (December 24, 1818) is the birthday of James Prescott Joule, who explored the relationship between heat and mechanical work.

Today (December 24, 1818) is the birthday of James Prescott Joule, who explored the relationship between heat and mechanical work.

James Prescott Joule was born December 24, 1818, in Salford, son of Benjamin Joule. Benjamin was a wealthy winemaker. When Joule was young she was trained by the famous scientist John Dalton. Joule was then trained by chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Evert and Eden Hodgkinson. He looked at the electricity and was amazed. He also tested himself and his brother by giving electric shocks to each other and family members. When he reached the appropriate age, Joule managed the distillery. Back then science was simply a serious hobby. In 1840, he began to explore the possibility of replacing steam engines that sometimes produced alcohol with the newly invented electric motor.

He was the first scientist in the field of science to publish his dissertation in William Sturgeon's journal of electricity. Jules was a member of the London Electronic Society, founded by Sturgeon et al. In 1841 Jul discovered the first law. "The heat generated by the proper action of any voltaic current is proportional to the square ratio of the intensity of that current and the multiplication of the resistance and the conduction heat." Joule realized that a pound of coal burning in a steam engine was more economical and cheaper than an expensive pound of zinc consumed in an electric battery. Joule captured the release of alternative methods of lifting common standard, one pound, one foot tall, quarter-pound.

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However, Julie's interest was diverted from the question of short-term finance and led to speculation about how much energy would be extracted from a particular source and that energy variability. In 1843 he published the results of experiments showing the effect of heat. An experiment he performed in 1841 caused heat to be generated in the conductor and its energy was not transferred to another part of the equipment. These results are a direct challenge to the caloric theory because it stated that heat cannot be generated or destroyed. Since its introduction by Antoine Lavoisier in 1783, the caloric theory has dominated thermal science. By doing several further tests and measurements with the Joule electric motor he was able to estimate the heat mechanical equivalent. One pound of water is said to require a caloric scale work of 4.1868 joules to increase the temperature by one degree Fahrenheit.

In August 1843 he announced his results at a meeting of the Chemical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Cork, where a serene silence prevailed. Joule began purely mechanical experiments to turn work into heat. He measured the small viscous heat of the liquid by forcing water into a small perforated cylinder. Furthermore, the mechanical equilibrium of heat was 770 ft · lb / Btu (4.14 joule/calorie (J / cal)) which ensured that the values obtained by the electrical and purely kinetic means were converted into working heat wherever the kinetic energy was applied, heat equivalent to that energy was produced.

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Not surprisingly since he was a student of Jules Dalton he was naturally a firm believer in nuclear theory. And although many scientists in his time were still sceptical of this theory. Joule was one of the few who accepted his work, even though the theory of the kinetics of John Herapath's gases was ignored by many. Peter Evert's operation in 1813 had a profound effect on him. Joule realized the relationship between his discoveries and the theory of thermodynamics. His laboratory notebooks revealed that he believed that heat was not a uniform form of motion but a form of rotation.

Jules did not find his views against his inventions to be seen by his predecessors, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, John Locke, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) and Sir Humphrey Davy. While such views are reasonable, Joule sought to estimate the equivalent value of a heated machine at 1034 feet pounds from Rumford's publications. Some modern writers have criticized this approach. Rumford's tests did not specify any formal measurements. In one of his personal notes, Jules argues that Memor's measurement is not more accurate than Rambord's, perhaps in the hope that Mayor did not anticipate his own work. His research led him to discover the law of energy indestructibility.

James Prescott died on July 11, 1889, at the age of 70, exploring the relationship between heat and mechanical work. There he was buried in the Brooklands Cemetery. The tomb is engraved with the number "772.55", which is the equivalent of his climacteric 1878 kinetic temperature. In it, he found that one pound of work per pound would be spent at sea level to raise the temperature of a pound of water from 60 to 61 F. A quote from the Gospel of John reads, "I must do the works of him that sent me, both day and night; when no man can work" (9: 4). The Winters Spoon outlet where Joel died was named "J. P. Joel" in his memory. The Julin family distillery is still operating today but is now located on Market Street, Traden. The unit of work in his memory is called the joule.

Source By: Wikipedia

Information: Ramesh, Assistant Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.