Student Education Repository (மாணவர்கள் கல்விக் களஞ்சியம்): Today (August 24, 1832) is the Memorial day of Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, inventor of the famous Carnot four-stage-cycle, based on practical machines.

Tuesday, August 24, 2021

Today (August 24, 1832) is the Memorial day of Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, inventor of the famous Carnot four-stage-cycle, based on practical machines.

Today (August 24, 1832) is the Memorial day of Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, inventor of the famous Carnot four-stage-cycle, based on practical machines.

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot was born in Paris on June 1, 1796, into a family distinguished between science and politics. He was the first son of Lazarus Carnot, a famous mathematician, military engineer and leader of the French Revolutionary Army. He named his son Sadi out of respect for the Persian poet Sadi in Syracuse, Iran. Shortly after Sadi Carnot was born, Lazarus Carnot was forced to stay abroad. But after Napoleon came to power he joined Napoleon's government as Minister of Defense. However, he did not stay in the job and left. Thus she was comfortable teaching her son a lesson.

Sadi Carnot was educated in 1812 at the Ecole Polytechnic. After graduating in 1814, he joined the French army and remained mostly in it. Although he was not promoted enough, he went to many scientific lectures and enriched his knowledge by having in-depth conversations with eminent scientists. At the time, the primary question for Sadi Carnot was how to make the steam engine more efficient. At that time, the British had made great strides in this steam engine. In France, however, they were still importing steam engines. So he did research and in 1824 published a pamphlet, Thoughts on the Driving Force of Fire. It is still revered today.

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Became an officer in the army of engineers of the French army. His father Lazarus served as Napoleon's interior minister for "a hundred days." Lazarus was exiled in 1815 after the final defeat of Napoleon. Sadi's position in the army became increasingly difficult under the restored Bourbon monarchy of Louis XVIII. Sadi Carnot was sent to different places. He inspected the forts, oversaw the plans and wrote several reports. His suggestions were ignored. On September 15, 1818, he took six months' leave to prepare for the entrance examination for the Royal Corps of Staff and the School of Application for Public Service.

In 1819, Sadi was transferred to the newly formed Public Service in Paris. He was on call for military duty. But since then he has devoted his attention to private intellectual endeavors. Received only two-thirds of the pay. Carnot was friendly with scientist Nicola Clement. Attended lectures on Physics and Chemistry. He was interested in understanding the limits to improving the performance of steam engines. This led him to trial. Published in 1824 became a reflection of the power of evil.

File:Pump-Design-Stirling.gif - Wikimedia Commons

Carnot wanted to answer two questions about the operation of heat engines. Is the work available from the heat source unlimited? And "Is it possible to improve heat engines in principle by replacing steam with some other working liquid or gas?" Intended to cover a wide range of topics, including equations that were kept to a minimum and called slightly more than simple algebra and arithmetic, and he engaged in some arguments involving some calculus, except in occasional footnotes.

File:Alpha Stirling animation.gif - Wikimedia Commons

He also discussed some of his own ideas about working fluids, features of various aspects of steam engine design, and possible improvements in practical nature. The most important part of the book is devoted to a brief presentation of an idealized machine. They can be used to understand and clarify the basic principles commonly applied to all heating machines. He summarized the essential features of the steam engine, the most important contribution made by Carnot to thermodynamics. They were known in his day. Were transformed into the most common and idealized heating engine. The result can be accurate calculations in a sample thermodynamic system. And avoided the problems introduced by the many crude features of the modern steam engine. By optimizing the machine, he can get clear and undeniable answers to his original two questions.

He showed that the performance of this ideal machine would operate only at two temperatures of the reservoirs in which it operates. However, he did not give the exact form of the process. This is then shown as (T1 - T2) / T1, where T1 is the absolute temperature of the hot reservoir. No heating engine that operates any other cycle can be so efficient with the same operating temperature. Carnot rotation is the most efficient potential machine. This is not only due to non-friction (trivial) and other accidental waste processes. The main reason is that it assumes that heat is not transmitted between parts of the engine at different temperatures. Carnot knew that transmitting heat between bodies at different temperatures was a futile and irreversible process. This must be removed if the heating engine is to achieve maximum efficiency. His famous Carnot's four-stage-rotation is an ideological basis for heat-powered machines.

Carnot retired from the army in 1828 without a pension. In 1832 he was placed in a private asylum due to a cholera outbreak. He died of Carnot on August 24, 1832, in Paris, France, at the age of 36. Due to the contagious nature of the cholera, many of Carnot's belongings and writings were buried with him after his death. As a result, only a few of his scientific writings remain. After reflections on the purpose of the fire were published, the book was not quickly printed. It is very difficult to get some time. Kelvin had trouble getting a copy of Garnett's book. The English translation of the book was published in 1890 by R.H. Published by Thurston. This edition was reprinted by Dover in 2005 in recent decades by Dover and Peter Smith. Some posthumous manuscripts of Carnot have also been translated into English.

Carnot published his book on the peak of steam engines. His theory explained why steam engines that use superheat steam are better because of the higher temperature of the hot reservoir as a result. Carnot's theories and efforts did not immediately help to improve the performance of steam engines. His theories helped to explain why an existing practice was superior to others. It was not until the late nineteenth century that Carnot's ideas came to fruition that the thermal engine could be made more efficient if the temperature of its hot reservoir increased. However, Carnot's book had a real impact on the design of practical machines. For example, Rudolph used Carnot's principles to design a diesel engine. In which the temperature of the hot reservoir is higher than that of the steam engine. As a result a machine is more efficient.

Source By: Wikipedia

Information: Ramesh, Assistant Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.

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