Today (December 18, 1856) is the birthday of Nobel Laureate Sir JJ Thompson, the father of modern atomic physics who invented the electron.
Sir Joseph John Thomson was born
on December 18, 1856, at Seetham Hill, Manchester, England. His parents were
from a Scottish family. He attended Owens College in Manchester in 1870 and
then Trinity College in Oxford in 1876. He studied very well there and won the
'Adams Prize'. Due to that, he was employed as a member of the college till his
death. His father wanted him to become an engineer. But after the death of his
father, his family was unable to pay the dues and the wish was not fulfilled.
His science education was excellent because he was educated by the best
professors at Owens College.
In 1883 he was appointed professor
of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge. Before this, he was a
professor at Lord Raleigh. From 1884 to 1918 he was Professor of Valuation at
Cambridge and at the Royal Institution in London. He also became a member of
the Royal Society. In 1890 he married Rosie Elizabeth. He had a son and a
daughter. His son George Paget Thompson became an outstanding professor of
physics and later won the Prize in 1937. Thompson first researched the atom and
published a paper entitled Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings. It was in
1884 that he received the Adams Prize. In 1886 he published a paper entitled
The Application of the Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry in Physics and
Chemistry.
In 1892 he published Notes on
Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism. This is the third volume of a
book by James Clark Maxwell. Together with Professor Ponting (J.H. Poynting),
he published a four-volume study of physics entitled 'Properties of Matter'.
Thompson was involved in the study of counter-radiation with the help of a
cathode ray tube. His first study was whether it was possible to separate a
negatively charged particle from a negative one. With the help of an
electrometer, he made several holes in the tube and examined them with the help
of a magnetic field. He realized that the opposite electrons could not be
separated from these rays alone.
Second, he explored how these rays
are struck by an electric field. He continued his research using a vacuum tube
and luminosity. Thereby finding that the negative rays are struck by an
electric field. In the third study, he tried to find the charge-mass ratio of
the electron. He referred to negative particles as 'corpuscles'. Johnston
Stony, a scientist, later confirmed that it was electronic. From this arose the
fact that objects are electric. Contemporary atomic theory and the explanation
of atomic physical effects emerged from this. He was therefore hailed as the
father of modern nuclear physics.
In 1895 he published two books,
The Evidence Elements of Mathematics and The Principles of Electromagnetism.
They were also published in 1921 as the fifth edition. In 1896 Thompson went to
America. He gave four lectures there based on his recent studies. He announced
the discovery of an electronic particle during an evening lecture at the Royal
Society of London. Announced on Friday, April 30, 1897. In 1903 he published a
book entitled "Conduction of electricity through gases". The book,
entitled 'Thomson's Greatest Days in the Cavendish Laboratory', was later
published in two editions (1928 and 1933) by his son George Thompson. In 1904
he moved back to the United States. He lectured at Yale University on materials
and electricity. His views on the 'structure of the atom' were published.
Austen explained a method of
separating different types of atoms and molecules using positive light, using
the ideas of scientists such as Dempster to help find many isotopes. By analyzing
neon gas, he clarified that some elements are a mixture of isotopes. Based on
this, Dempster and his students developed a mass spectrograph. In 1906 he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on the effects of gaseous electricity
on a discharge pipe.
He was involved in determining
the number of electrons in an atom by measuring the amount of radiation
scattered by light, nameless rays, beta and coma rays. He was also involved in
the study of the nature of positive particles. These studies helped his student
Rutherford to continue his studies. In 1908 he was awarded the Order of Merit.
In 1912 he became president of the English Society. He was given the position
of Special Member of the Royal Society and then its President from 1916 to
1920.
In 1918 he became principal of
Trinity College. Cavendish established the research road there. Royal Hughes
Medals (1894, 1902) He was proud to receive several medals, including the
Hodgkins Medal (1902) and the Scott Medal (Philadelphia -1923) of the Washington
Smithsonian. Sir J.J., the father of modern atomic physics who invented the
electron, Thompson passed away on August 30, 1940, at the age of 85 in
Cambridge, England. His body was laid to rest at West Minister Abbey, where
many of England's most famous geniuses were buried.
Source By: Wikipedia
Information: Ramesh, Assistant
Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.
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