Student Education Repository (மாணவர்கள் கல்விக் களஞ்சியம்): Today (July 20, 1822) is the birthday of Gregor Johann Mendel, the father of genetics, who researched pea plants.

Tuesday, July 20, 2021

Today (July 20, 1822) is the birthday of Gregor Johann Mendel, the father of genetics, who researched pea plants.

Today (July 20, 1822) is the birthday of Gregor Johann Mendel, the father of genetics, who researched pea plants.

Gregor Johann Mendel was born on July 20, 1822, in Heinson Dorf, Austria. Mendel saw gardening at a young age. He then joined the Olmutz Institute of Philosophy. In 1843 he joined the Agatheen monastery in Perno. He then went on to study at the University of Vienna. His university professors and colleagues at the monastery were instrumental in exploring the differences between the plants. Mendel's love of nature was the main reason for his research mindset. Besides plants, he was involved in astronomy and theories of evolution. Mendel did research in the garden of his monastery. From 1856 to 1863 he cultivated pea plants with many subtle variations and, due to his interest, personally explored their genetic characteristics.

In the pea plants in his garden, he carried out regular pollination. When trying to understand its effects statistically, he discovered how genetic traits are passed on from one generation to the next under certain rules. In one of his studies, when a tall pea plant and a short pea plant were pollinated, all the second-generation plants were found to be tall. When the same plants were re-self-pollinated, a quarter of the third-generation plants were found to be short-lived. Thus, he discovered an important fact that the factor for the shrub, which did not appear in the second generation, was revealed in the third generation under some genetic predisposition. This is what inspired him to explore more and more about genetics. Many surprises awaited anyone who combined the seven characteristics of pea plants with repeated pollination under various statistical theories.

How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics - Hortensia Jiménez Díaz on Make a GIF

He found out exactly how the specific characteristic of one chromosome controls the expression of another chromosome that depends on it. As a result of this research, he proposed two main rules to explain the process by which hereditary traits are passed on from generation to generation. They are later called the laws of Mendel. In 1865, he presented his research paper entitled Plant Hybridization Studies at two sessions at the Brunn Natural History Society in Bohemia. However, no one realized the importance of Mendel's research during that period.

Only three times in the next 35 years did other scholars quote his study? He completed his research on peas and then began his research on bees to do his research on animals as well. Although he created a hybrid of bees, that hybrid became extinct without lasting. Due to difficulties in controlling the reproductive activity of the queen bee, he was unable to give an accurate understanding of the genetics of the bees. The standard botanical author's abbreviation of some of the new plant species he identified is referred to as 'mental'.

The importance of Mendel's research was not realized until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, scholars Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak retrieved Mendel's research results. They were able to verify the results of Mendel's research in the experiments they performed. Even then, there were heated debates between William Batson and Carl Pearson about the significance of Mendel's discoveries. In 1918, Ronald Fischer introduced the field of modern evolutionary biology based on the genetic principles of Mendel. In the 1930s and 1940s, he revisited his studies and combined contemporary Darwin's theory of natural selection with modern policy. The reliability of Mendel's research results has been questioned from time to time.

Renowned statistician Ronald Fischer examined the rate of F1 offspring reported in Mendel's studies and found that they were incredibly close to one-third. Although Mendel cannot be said to have unrealistically edited his research results, his research results are surprisingly simple. Often, scientific research results are not readily available. To go with this, he often gave only the resulting differences in plants due to mutations in the same gene. If he had observed many genes, the results might not have been so different or so simple because of the connections of the genes. Thus, it is doubtful whether Mendel could have concealed the results of research that deviated from the genetic theories he proposed.

Gregor Mendel discovered through his long research on how genes migrate from one generation to the next under natural laws. British naturalists Charles Darwin and Mendel lived at the same time. Mendel had read Darwin's article "The Origin of Creatures" but had not realized its significance. Although Darwin received Mendel's research paper, it is known that he did not read it until the end. For such reasons, theories of evolution did not materialize until the 1920s. In 1868, when the government tried to impose special taxes on religious institutions, he was forced to act against it. So, he came to the end of his scientific work and started performing administrative duties. Gregor John Mendel, the father of genetics, passed away on January 6, 1884, at the age of 61, in Austria-Anger due to hepatitis.

Source By: Wikipedia

Information: Ramesh, Assistant Professor of Physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, Trichy.

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